Why Neurodivergent individuals don’t need another abstract theoretical construct but deserve a society that recognizes them.
The Value of Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity recognizes that individuals engage with and respond to their environment in varied ways. Approximately one in seven people is neurodivergent (ND), encompassing traits such as ADHD, autism, or dyslexia. Judith Singer conceptualized neurodiversity as a theoretical framework, evolving from a critique of rigidly individualistic views of autism. This framework emphasizes that these differences are not deficits but natural variations in human diversity. They should not be stigmatized but valued as strengths contributing to an inclusive society.
While this ideal is promising, achieving neuro-inclusivity remains complex. What does it concretely mean for a neurodivergent individual in a workplace or social setting? How can the theories supporting inclusion translate into real impact?
Building on the Double Empathy Theory (DET), the Triple Empathy Theory (TET) adds a third layer of empathy aimed at empowering designers and policymakers to create inclusive solutions in areas such as urban planning, healthcare, and technology.
The Triple Empathy Theory: A Theoretical Framework
The Double Empathy Theory (DET), introduced by British autistic academic Damian Milton, posits that communication challenges between autistic and non-autistic individuals are not solely caused by biological limitations. The issue is not that autistic people communicate poorly but that both groups struggle, for different reasons, to understand each other’s perspectives and communication styles.
Building on DET, the Triple Empathy Theory (TET) adds a third layer of empathy aimed at empowering designers and policymakers to create inclusive solutions in areas such as urban planning, healthcare, and technology. While TET offers a theoretical framework, it prompts questions: How can these concepts be implemented in practice? Will these theoretical constructs lead to structural changes that neurodivergent individuals tangibly experience in their daily lives?
the neuro-inclusivity approach often fails to challenge the broader social and power structures that drive stigma and exclusion
The Challenge of Empathy in Practice
TET highlights the importance of cultivating empathy across all societal groups within neurodiversity, including both neurotypical and neurodivergent individuals. But how can this empathy be practically fostered in interactions between these groups? And what about those who fall outside the neurodiversity paradigm?
In practice, the burden of understanding often seems to fall disproportionately on neurodivergent individuals. This perpetuates a historically rooted sense of inequality that autistics have, in how empathy is distributed.
Another criticism is that the neuro-inclusivity approach often fails to challenge the broader social and power structures that drive stigma and exclusion. Achieving neuro-inclusivity requires more than mutual understanding — it demands structural reforms. For instance, how can education and employment systems be restructured to provide neurodivergent individuals with equal opportunities?
While TET aims to promote inclusivity, it risks homogenizing neurodivergent experiences
The Importance of Diversity Within Diversity
While TET aims to promote inclusivity, it risks homogenizing neurodivergent experiences. Autism, for example, is not a monolithic concept — it encompasses a wide spectrum of needs and preferences. TET leaves little room for nuance and seems to treat neurodivergence as a universally understandable concept. The same applies to understanding the diversity among neurotypical individuals.
A truly inclusive society requires acknowledgment of this diversity while also recognizing commonalities. Designers and policymakers must consider both the complexity of individual needs and shared goals to develop solutions that align with diverse experiences.
A key issue with TET is its lack of actionable guidelines
Practical Applications of Neuro-Inclusivity
A key issue with TET is its lack of actionable guidelines. How can these concepts be translated into practical applications with tangible impacts? Examples include:
- Communication guides: Tools to bridge neurotypical and neurodivergent communication styles.
- Flexible work models: Structures accommodating diverse ways of thinking and working.
- Inclusive education: Frameworks addressing varied learning styles and needs, ensuring children don’t need to “mask” to fit in.
Without such concrete steps, the theory remains an abstract ideal with limited influence on the daily challenges of neurodivergent individuals.
Addressing Social Structures
Achieving true neuro-inclusivity requires adapting not only designs but also social norms and power systems. This involves:
- Revising policy structures: Creating inclusive legislation that ensures protection and equality for neurodivergent individuals.
- Raising awareness among neurotypical people: Educating about neurodivergence to foster empathy and understanding.
- Involving neurodivergent individuals: Ensuring neurodivergent people are not merely subjects of policy but equal partners in its development.
the theory remains yet another abstract ideal with limited influence on the daily challenges of neurodivergent individuals.
Conclusion: From Theory to Inclusive Society
The Triple Empathy Theory provides a valuable framework for designing a neuro-inclusive society. It emphasizes reciprocity and empathy but, like the Double Empathy construct, raises questions about practical applicability and inclusivity.
To truly celebrate neurodiversity, theories like TET must be translated into tangible changes in policies, social structures, and practical applications. Neurodivergent individuals do not need another abstract theoretical construct — they deserve a society that recognizes, values, and supports their diversity and equality at every level. Achieving this requires not just empathy but a decisive, constructive, and systemic vision for a society that works for everyone.
This article is a reading of and reaction on Josefson, C. (2024). Toward a neuroinclusive culture: designing neuroinclusivity with Triple Empathy Theory. Disability & Society, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2024.2424193
The European Autist 